What an MX record tells you
An MX (mail exchanger) record names the server that accepts email for a domain. When someone sends to [email protected], their mail server looks up the MX records of example.com and delivers to the host with the lowest preference number, trying the next one if it doesn't answer.
- Preference: lower numbers are tried first. Equal numbers share the load.
- Host: the mail server's name. Hosted providers run many machines behind one name, so a single MX is normal for Google Workspace or Microsoft 365.
- Provider: recognised from the host name, e.g.
aspmx.l.google.comis Google,*.mail.protection.outlook.comis Microsoft 365. A security gateway (Proofpoint, Mimecast) in front of the mailbox shows up here too.
Results that mean mail will bounce
- The domain doesn't exist: every address at it is invalid.
- Null MX (`0 .`): the domain publishes that it accepts no email at all (RFC 7505).
- No MX record: senders fall back to the domain's A record, which is usually a web server, so mail is likely to bounce.